Smoking is the cause of many diseases and kills about four hundred and forty two thousand people every year in the United States. In spite of anti smoking campaigns and billboard warnings, more and more people are joining the bandwagon of smokers every year. Out of the total number of new smokers, ninety percent are children and adolescents, replacing smokers who have quit or died early due to a disease caused by smoking. Smoking is the top cause of preventable and premature deaths, followed by obesity. 

Smoking not only increases the risk of lung disease, but also increases the risk of contracting lung cancer, oral cancer, emphysema, stroke and heart disease. Certain statistics by the American Lung Associations show alarming results. Over five thousand adolescents smoke their very first cigarette every day, out of which over two thousand turn into regular smokers. Presently there are nearly five million adolescents smokers. Twenty percent of the twelfth graders smoke cigarettes regularly.

Smoking has many harmful affects on the health of a human being. It damages the cardiovascular system, causes high blood pressure, increases heart rate, increases the risk of ischemic stroke, increases the risk of formation of blood clot formation, and decreases the oxygen amount which reaches the tissues in the body, reduces coronary blood flow & cardiac output, and damages the blood vessels. Smoking not only affects physical health, but mental health too. It causes psychological distress and depression.

Smoking not only affects the person who smokes but also other people who surround him/her. According to the American Heart Association, nearly thirty five thousand passive smokers die of smoke inhaled from a lit pipe, cigar or cigarette. People who do not smoke directly and inhale smoke from a cigarette smoke by his/her neighbor is known as passive smoker, secondary smoker or indirect smoker. Among the passive smokers, women, children and infants are at a higher risk. Infants and children who are exposed to smoke develop asthma, frequent ear infections and may even experience infant death syndrome. The symptoms experienced by secondary smokers are coughing, excess mucus formation in the airways, chest discomfort, chest pain, and lung irritation. They even feel irritation of throat, nose and eyes. If the passive smokers experiences chest pain, it can be an indication of a heart disease. Sometimes the symptoms of secondary smoking can coincide with the symptoms of other medical conditions. Hence, it is recommended to contact the doctor immediately after the surfacing of the symptoms.

In active smokers, smoking, apart from building up high cholesterol in blood, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, high blood pressure, physical inactivity and diabetes. So smoking cessation will not only reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, which is top of the list, but also decreases the risk by fifty percent of heart attacks and deaths caused by it. But quitting smoking undertakes lots of physical and mental efforts. The person should be made mentally relaxed and stress free. In case of adolescents, they can be asked to exercise regularly and sleep adequately. The American Lung Association and The American Academy of Otolaryngology have developed certain tips which can be of great help to the smokers who are thinking of quitting. The smokers must first be made to understand the reason for quitting. Stress only makes even more difficult to quit smoking, so a stress free period should be chosen to quit. Family and friends’ encouragement and support are extremely necessary to persuade the smoker to quit. If the support isn’t sufficient, smokers can join a smoking cessation program or a support group to attain their goals. A balanced diet is a must, along with lots of rest.

Sometimes taking nicotine replacement products, such as nicotine chewing gum, nicotine inhalers, and nicotine patch, are a great help to smokers who want to quit. By using these products the smokers can satisfy their nicotine craving. The good thing is that these nicotine replacement products can deduct the poisonous gases and tars emitted by the cigarettes. But nursing and pregnant women should consult a doctor before trying nicotine replacement products. For such people non-nicotine alternative is available in the market.

There are average 25 naevi in a man’s body. Normally, they are not dangerous to us humans. If not for beauty, there is no need to get rid of them. But something must be pointed out that We are all in grave danger when the inoffensive naevi change into melanoma. This cannot be ignored.
Its development stage is long when melanotic nevus arises pathological changes. It is different from the tumour that the melanoma can be seen on the body. As long as you observe your body carefully, you can find out the changes. Melanoma usually appears on womens’ leg and mens’ back. For old man, they usually appear on the face.
You should examine the naevi on your body or others.
1.Do you feel renyam or not. You will feel nothing if the naevi are normal.
2.Whether it is bigger than blunt pencil tine or not. The normal naevi are little smaller than the blunt pencil tine.
3.Whether it is still growing. Naevi on adults will not grow any more.
4.Whether its shape is regular or not. Generally, the shape of the normal naevi is regular and the surface is smooth.
5.Whether it is mixed by the black-part and the brown-part or not. Generally, they are brown or black ones. A naevus only has one colour rather than two mixed colours.
How to prevent melanoma
The danger of the naevi is the melanoma. If the naevi change into melanoma, you should treat them as early as possible, not to leave them absolutely. The melanoma of an early stage can be healed completely. Moreover, you should pay attention to the following items.
1.The naevi that lie in frictional parts of the body such as waist , chin, beard part, foot-plate, palm, penis glans, female vulva and so on.
People who are light-colored skin and have lots of naevi should pay great attention to.
Adults should have a self-check every month to see if there are new naevi or not. Those whose shape is not regular or varicolored should be cured completely.
To prevent melanoma, you should avoid direct light of the sun, especially the sunshine between 10am and 3pm. Men who always work under sunshine for a long time have much more vulnerable opportunities. With the growth of age, incidence rate becomes higher and higher.
About 99% of the naevi is of no danger to us, of which only very few will arise canceration. So as long as you understand the symptoms adequately and pay close attention to them at any moment, it would not be necessary to turn pale at the only mention of naevi.
How to get rid of the naevi
Laser treatment
For the little naevi whose diameter is under 0.5 centimeter, laser or high frequency electrotome will be suitable for burning. The strengths of this treatment are that it’s easy and convenient to handle with little damage to normal tissues and very little scarring after healingness. However it also has disadvantages, that is it’s hard to clean up all the naevi and leave tissues of the naevi to have pathology examines.
Freezing treatment
Freezing treatment and medical treatment are unsuitable to choose as they may eliminate naevi incompletely and stimulate the naevi cell to change malignantly.
Organic plant medicine treatment
The organic plant medicine treatment can fetch up the treatments where mentioned above. This treatment can eradicate skin moles without pain, scarring, tissue damage, or recurrence. There is no need for you to worry about disfigurement. A new revolution has been arisen in the domain of skin diseases treatment. For more information, please refer to our Bcured page.

Like many men and women, you may have a zealous crave to sojourn smoking. You have heard all the gossip concerning how unsafe smoking can be to you … And to those around you. However, even with this information, you may not have been able to ensue at kicking your smoking practice thus far. As an answer, you may have ongoing to consider with what fairly normally has become known as a rest smoking pill. Through this item, you are provided an overview of this result to help you in determining about whether it is the right abundance for you when it comes to the issue of your own smoking interrupt.

There actually has been a significant total of buildup around the “rest smoking pill” in fresh time. Promoters of the significance contend that the pill represents an “easy way” for an any one to plug smoking. The contention is raised that smoking ending, kicking the practice, can be a breeze.

Of course, as with so many goods associated with stopping smoking that have entered the souk with great ordeal, when it comes to the break smoking pill, a nearer examination of the actuality of the significance reveals something different. The underside lined when it comes to quiting smoking, consideration must be given not only to stopping in the first request but to staying away from cigarettes into the eminent. It is one thing to abandon and something totally different all together to lodge away from smokes in the prospect.

Finally, the pill that has been heralded as the easy way to stopover smoking certainly only attacks part of the smoking catch in the first request. While it is right that nicotine and what many experts tenure nicotine addiction acting a significant position in what compels an individual to smoke in the first example, it is not the only dynamic at play. The truth is that nicotine trust or even addiction is one of the compulsions that draws an individual to smoking.

Beyond a physiological attraction to or trust leading nicotine, people smoke for additional reasons that involve everything from it being an inbuilt addiction to the statement that for many individuals smoking serves as a psychological crutch for one analyze or another. Simply, the usual part smokes for a combination of reasons.

In the end, the so-called pause smoking pill really only deals with the matter of a someone’s reliance or perhaps dependence on nicotine. The pill just does not address any other issues that tie people up in a smoking tradition. To prohibit smoking successfully in the first demand, and to “deferment bunged,” it is crucial that all the factors that caused a guise to choose up a drove of cigarettes be addressed through a comprehensive close manner.

Of course, there have been instances in which the smoking cessation pill has resulted in an individual bountiful up smoking, there is an ever mounting list of men and women who used the pill to “prohibit smoking” only to take up the fondness again with a literal reprisal not long after primarily “giving up” cigarettes.

Underlying the realism that the stop smoking pill is not a magical treatment to smoking is the actuality the people who have such a belief merely do not do all they basic to do to end their smoking pattern permanently. The unshakable reality is that stopping smoking, flaunting the cigarette pattern, requires work and strength on your part. You must be prepared and able to apportion with all the elements that drew you to cigarettes in the first request and that caused you to maintain smoking even in the face of the truth that it was harmful to your wellbeing.

We have all heard of the risks associated with smoking cigarettes, but what are the risks of cigar smoking? Are the risks of smoking cigars just as dangerous, or more so? According to the National Cancer Instituted, regular cigar smoking can result in a major health threat. Scientific research has linked cigar smoking with cancers of the larynx, lungs, esophagus, and oral cavity. Newer research also indicates that cigar smoking may be strongly linked to the development of cancer in the pancreas. Doctors also caution that individuals who regularly inhale while enjoying a cigar are also at greater risk of developing lung disease and heart problems.

The health threats of cigar smoking appear to increase dramatically in those individuals who smoke regularly and inhale while smoking. Someone who smokes three to four cigars each day will him or herself at eight times the risk of developing some kind of oral cancer than a nonsmoker. Unfortunately, we do not yet know the health risks of smoking the occasional cigar. It seems clear however that smoking cigars on a daily basis can pose serious health risks. 

Many individuals wonder if cigars are as addictive as cigarettes. Many wonder why, for instance, so many people become addicted to cigarettes, and not cigars? The truth is that any tobacco product can become addictive because it contains nicotine. Witness the effects of smokeless tobacco products on individuals. These products, such as chewing tobacco, can become very addictive, simply because they contain tobacco, which in turn contains nicotine. Many cigar smokers do not inhale deeply, thus causing the nicotine to be inhaled superficially. Cigarette smokers tend to inhale, causing the nicotine to be absorbed faster and more readily by the lungs. Even though most cigar smokers inhale the nicotine more superficially, it is still possible to become addicted if the user smokes cigars on a regular basis. 

If nicotine is so addictive, why don’t more cigar smokers smoke more often? It appears that more people avoid becoming ‘hooked’ on cigars for several reasons. The most obvious reason is that the nicotine is inhaled much more superficially than in regular cigarette smoking, causing less nicotine to be absorbed by the body. Also, cigars are not as readily accessible as cigarettes. They are viewed by most as a luxury item, saved for special occasions and used infrequently. However, when cigars are smoked on a regular basis, they can become addictive. The health risks of any kind of smoking increase dramatically as frequency of use increases.

INTRODUCTION

Malignant gliomas (glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma) occur more frequently than other types of primary CNS tumors, having a combined incidence of 5â??8/100,000 population. Even with aggressive treatment using surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, median reported survival is less than 1 year  . Temozolomide, a new drug, has shown promise in treating malignant gliomas and other difficult-to-treat tumors. Temozolomide represents a new class of second-generation imidazotetrazine prodrugs that undergo spontaneous conversion under physiological conditions to the active alkylating agent MTIC. Thus, temozolomide does not require hepatic metabolism for activation  .

Interest in temozolomide as an antitumor agent derives from its broad-spectrum antitumor activity in tumor models in mice  . In vitro, temozolomide has demonstrated schedule-dependent antitumor activity against a variety of malignancies, including glioma, metastatic melanoma, and other difficult-to-treat cancers . In preclinical studies, temozolomide demonstrated distribution to all tissues, including penetration into the CNS; relatively low toxicity compared with its parent compound, mitozolomide; and antitumor activity against a broad range of tumor types, including glioma, melanoma, mesothelioma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, and carcinoma of the colon and ovary . Its demonstrated ability to cross the blood-brain barrier is of special interest with respect to its activity in CNS tumors  .

In Phase 1 and 2 clinical studies conducted by the CRC (London, United Kingdom), temozolomide was absorbed rapidly, exhibited 100% p.o. bioavailability within 1â??2 h of administration, and demonstrated antineoplastic activity in recurrent high-grade glioma, melanoma, and mycosis fungoides  . Results of these trials showed that when temozolomide is administered p.o. once daily for 5 days in a 4-week cycle, it is well tolerated, producing mild-to-moderate toxicity that is both predictable and easily managed. The results also confirmed the ability of temozolomide to penetrate the CNS and indicated that temozolomide has considerable potential in treating gliomas and improving the QOL of patients with glioma . Additional Phase 1 studies have confirmed these results and have extended these observations to pediatric patients .

Temozolomide has been evaluated in a number of Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, and malignant metastatic melanomaâ??malignancies for which there are no satisfactory therapies. On the basis of the results of these studies, temozolomide has been approved in the European Union for the treatment of patients with glioblastoma multiforme showing progression or recurrence after standard therapy. Recently, temozolomide received accelerated approval from the FDA for treatment of adult patients with anaplastic astrocytoma who have relapsed after treatment that included a nitrosurea drug (BCNU or CCNU) and procarbazine. Studies are under way to evaluate the combination of temozolomide with other chemotherapeutic agents and biochemotherapy in the treatment of malignant glioma and metastatic melanoma, respectively. This article reviews the mechanism of action of temozolomide as an anticancer agent and summarizes the most recent clinical studies of temozolomide for the treatment of malignant gliomas.

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62.  Liu L., Markowitz S., Gerson S. L. Mismatch repair mutations override alkyltransferase in conferring resistance to temozolomide but not to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea. Cancer Res., 56: 5375-5379, 1996.

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68.  Tentori L., Turriziani M., Franco D., Serafino A., Levati L., Roy R., Bonmassar E., Graziani G. Treatment with temozolomide and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors induces early apoptosis and increases base excision repair gene transcripts in leukemic cells resistant to triazene compounds. Leukemia, 13: 901-909, 1999.

69.  Imperatori L., Damia G., Taverna P., Garattini E., Citti L., Boldrini L., Dâ??Incalci M. 3T3 NIH murine fibroblasts and B78 murine melanoma cells expressing the Escherichia coli N3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase I do not become resistant to alkylating agents. Carcinogenesis (Lond.), 15: 533-537, 1994.

70.  Friedman H. S., Dolan M. E., Moschel R. C., Pegg A. E., Felker G. M., Rich J., Bigner D. D., Schold S. C. J. Enhancement of nitrosourea activity in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 84: 1926-1931, 1992.

71.  Dolan M. E., Pegg A. E. O6-benzylguanine and its role in chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res., 3: 837-847, 1997.

72.  Middleton M. R., Kelly J., Thatcher N., Donnelly D. J., McElhinney R. S., McMurry T. B., McCormick J. E., Margison G. P. O6-(4-bromothenyl)guanine improves the therapeutic index of temozolomide against A375M melanoma xenografts. Int. J. Cancer, 85: 248-252, 2000.

73.  Wedge S. R., Newlands E. S. O6-Benzylguanine enhances the sensitivity of a glioma xenograft with low O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity to temozolomide and BCNU. Br. J. Cancer, 73: 1049-1052, 1996.

74.  Fairbairn L. J., Watson A. J., Rafferty J. A., Elder R. H., Margison G. P. O6-benzylguanine increases the sensitivity of human primary bone marrow cells to the cytotoxic effects of temozolomide. Exp. Hematol., 23: 112-116, 1995.

75.  Chinnasamy N., Rafferty J. A., Hickson I., Ashby J., Tinwell H., Margison G. P., Dexter T. M., Fairbairn L. J. O6-benzylguanine potentiates the in vivo toxicity and clastogenicity of temozolomide and BCNU in mouse bone marrow. Blood, 89: 1566-1573, 1997.

76.  Chinnasamy N., Rafferty J., Lashford L., Chinnasamy D., Margison G., Thatcher N., Dexter T., Fairbairn L. Protection of committed murine haemopoietic progenitors against BCNU toxicity does not predict protection of primitive, multipotent spleen colony-forming cellsâ??implications for chemoprotective gene therapy. Leukemia, 13: 1776-1783, 1999.

77.  Reese J. S., Davis B. M., Liu L., Gerson S. L. Simultaneous protection of G156A methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene-transduced hematopoietic progenitors and sensitization of tumor cells using O6-benzylguanine and temozolomide. Clin. Cancer Res., 5: 163-169, 1999.

78.  Chinnasamy N., Rafferty J. A., Hickson I., Lashford L. S., Longhurst S. J., Thatcher N., Margison G. P., Dexter T. M., Fairbairn L. J. Chemoprotective gene transfer II: multilineage in vivo protection of haemopoiesis against the effects of an antitumour agent by expression of a mutant human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Gene Ther., 5: 842-847, 1998.

79.  Hickson I., Fairbairn L. J., Chinnasamy N., Lashford L. S., Thatcher N., Margison G. P., Dexter T. M., Rafferty J. A. Chemoprotective gene transfer I: transduction of human haemopoietic progenitors with O6-benzylguanine-resistant O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase attenuates the toxic effects of O6-alkylating agents in vitro. Gene Ther., 5: 835-841, 1998.

80.  Hammond L. A., Eckardt J. R., Baker S. D., Eckhardt S. G., Dugan M., Forral K., Reidenberg P., Statkevich P., Weiss G. R., Rinaldi D. A., Von Hoff D. D., Rowinsky E. K. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide on a daily-for-5-days schedule in patients with advanced solid malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol., 17: 2604 1999.

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93.   Friedman H. S., McLendon R. E., Kerby T., Dugan M., Bigner S. H., Henry A. J., Ashley D. M., Krischer J., Lovell S., Rasheed K., Marchev F., Seman A. J., Cokgor I., Rich J., Stewart E., Colvin O. M., Provenzale J. M., Bigner D. D., Haglund M. M., Friedman A. H., Modrich P. L. DNA mismatch repair and O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase analysis and response to Temodal in newly diagnosed malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol., 16: 3851-3857, 1998.

In 2004 the UK solitary had 153, 397 deaths caused by tumor lonesome. Every year around 38,000 bags of lung scourge are diagnosed in the UK lonesome.The entire population in the UK around that time was estimated at 60.2 million people. A closer look will disclose the valid boundary of the disease that is slowly being tackled by seek. Cancer gear was increasing by 1% per year. Cancer mainly property people in later life, but is also seen to build in children and adolescents. More than 75% of deaths from bane happen in the elderly from the age of 65 and above. With such a high ratio of deaths occuring in the elderly, blight is responsible for 1 in 4 or 25% of all deaths across all age groups throughout the world. This numeral is main in adults under 65 being old, where 1 in every 3, or 33%, of all plague caused deaths.

There are more than 200 different types of disease but only four of these types were responsible for 48% of all blight allied deaths. Lung canker was the song chief capture of scourge diagnosed which accounts for 22% of all menace deaths in 2004. Bowel, breast and prostrate tumor were responsible for between 11% and 8% of other scourge deaths. Why is the value of lung menace sufferers so high? Simply because of the number of people who smoke cigarettes. Around 80% of all lung plague deaths are caused by smoking.

Cutting down on smoking or stopping all together would seriously reduce the number of melanoma deaths. World-broad, over 1.3 million cases of lung evil are diagnosed each year. Prolonging smoking is responsible for the supreme number of lungs connected blight deaths, with it prominent most commonly among those aged 65 living and over. It is very seldomly diagnosed in those under 40. Scotland has the peak evaluate of lung bane sufferers in the UK. Scotland has the memoirs of high smoking and Scottish men and women have among the maximum duty of menace in the world. Why is the duty so high in Scotland? Exposure to industrial carcinogens and humble diet are said to contribute to the high figure of sufferers. Asbestos exposure is responsible for around 6% of chap lung melanoma cases diagnosed. If we look at the complete world, the main rates of lung melanoma in the world are found to be in men in eastern Europe as well as men in North America. The blueprint is similair for women with the premier number of sufferers occuring in Denmark, Hungary and Iceland.

In the US, incedences of lung blight are upper in the black population for men and women while contrastingly, Hispanics and Asians have lower number of cases than the pasty population.

Children are not immune to smoking with near 1 in 4 smoking by the age of 15. How lifetime smoking practice are urbanized occurs in adolescent time, and by 19 they are steadily addicted to smoke. There evince that points to the truth that how early on in life someone begins smoking has more of brunt on the likelihood of them untaken onto upgrade lung growth. So the immature the fondness is produced, the greater the attempt of lung disease. This reasoned is more prominent than the number or extent the role smokes from then on after developing the fondness or right addicted to nicotine.

Some factors that trigger children to smoke are having a mother that is a smoker or siblings or friends. Being exposed to cigarrette advertising is also a cause that leads children to smoke. Passive smoking by someone, also puts them at gamble of developing lung cancer. It could also clue to respiratory disease in children. Children budding up with parents that smoke are also at venture of asthma, middle-ear infections and cot deaths.

The stage of chance in the UK becomes more alarming when you take into account the verity that one in every three children grow up in a household with at slightest one father that smokes. Smokers that consume up to 14 cigarrettes a day are eight epoch more possible to upgrade lung cancer than non-smokers. Alarmingly, smokers consuming 25 or more, a day are 25 epoch more prone to form lung cancer.

For the sake of your children, if not for your strength, give up smoking and you will have more appreciation for life in your later days, with enhanced special wellbeing and children liberated from the menace of respiratory diseases that may transport to an early end a great life. If not for yourself, for the sake of your children.

Teens are innocent of the dangers of smoking because they see their elders merrily winded away. Peer coerced is another culprit that leads early people to smoke, but in some gear, smoking is an act of insolence or purely the findings of curiosity. If you think your teenager is into smoking and if your disbelief mark, be fretful and educate your spawn on the dangers of smoking.

Smoking and It’s Threat to Life and Limb

Each year, millions of people die from smoking-linked diseases. The form is possible to improve yearly as more litter people are charming up the deadly vice. The youngest smoker is a 7-year-old kid who earns his keep scrounging for recyclable scraps.

This scenario is in a third world country and is just the tip of an iceberg. Smoking is ingestion away brood lives but earning governments billions of dollars in tax revenues. So the emanate remainder unresolved, similar to the early dire overall warming predictions, which many show to discount.

Several cancers results of time of smoking and infantile people are at a higher venture because of their early and prolonged exposure to the poison. Nevertheless quitting smoking is just as tricky as quitting heroin. Support groups are open to help people get out of the rat weakness and found living recovered lives. Nevertheless it is difficult. Smoking is not illegal and minors immovable smoking are not penalized. Therefore, the vicious rotation continues. If you parent with youth who smoke, you should be alarmed and take immediate action to help your teens desert the addictive routine.

Helping Teens Quit Smoking

A distraught mom reported that her son and daughter were immovable smoking in their rooms. The betraying whiff of cigarette smoke gave away the enigma. Empty cigarette packs and cigarette butt were open in the gibberish bin. Alarmed, she reported the skirmish to her husband, also a non-smoker and together they educated their children on the dangers of smoking, enlisting them in rehabilitation and keep program to help wean their children from smoking.

If you can’t fastener your children smoking at home, try to find out who they sling out with, and where they consume time after educate. Somehow, superstar will be able to tell you if your teenager’s contacts are into smoking for the fun of it.

Telling your son or daughter not to go with their smoking links will not yield any capable significance. Instead, provoke their links over and show them YouTube videos on the irreversible effects of smoking on the body. Give them books on the produce of smoking or invite a surgeon to your children’s drill or to a homeowners’ association seminar to converse the perils of smoking. Organize parents and ask the teach’s administration and faculty to wage war on smoking. There shouldn’t be smoking and non-smoking areas in schools. Instead, smoking should be banned outright. Amid protests, you can always make it obvious that sometimes parents and teachers have to be cruel to be kind. Smoking is deadly and there is no other euphemism for it.

Be unswerving in your labors to wage war against teen smoking. Smoking teens will be smoking adults and will undergo the consequences in the upcoming. Instead of waiting at disaster to assault, plus the movement now. If you fondness your teens, put your bottom down. They’ll thank you for your sustained labors to help them get rid of a deadly and costly addiction.

There are a lot of tales told about skin health. One of the most damaging is that sun exposure causes skin cancer. As you’ll see in a moment, this is simply not true.

Melanoma is the form of skin cancer the media likes to refer to when they want to scare the dickens out of the public about the dangers of sun exposure. There are a number of reports of the fact that melanoma has been steadily increasing over the last 20 years. Most dermatologists will say this increase is due to the fact that more people are getting far too much sun exposure in their younger years.

A closer look at the matter, however, reveals a far different story. Skin cancer awareness programs have been effective at increasing the number of people undergoing full-body screening exams, and the result is a huge increase in the number of skin biopsies being performed. It seems that even with biopsies there is still considerable confusion and disagreement among pathologists when it comes to identifying melanoma. It’s apparently not a cut-and-dried diagnosis.

Looking at the same tissue, one pathologist will see a benign lesion while another will see it as melanoma. Thus, the dramatic increase in biopsies has led to more melanoma diagnoses, many of which are false, as a new study shows.

The study, conducted by doctors at Dartmouth Medical School, found that there has been a 250% increase in skin biopsies since 1986-which just happens to be roughly the same percentage increase in the number of people diagnosed with early-stage melanoma. These researchers became skeptical about the rise in melanoma after they noticed that over that time there hasn’t been any increase in deaths from melanoma or any increase in the number of advanced cases of the disease. (BM] 05;331(7518):698)

Plain and simple, there has not been an actual increase in the overall incidence of melanoma. The apparent increase is due merely to improved detection because of the increased number of screening procedures and subsequent biopsies, which by the way, hasn’t led to any increase in survival or cure rates.

Much like cancers of the prostate, breast, and lung, the more doctors look for cancer, the more likely they will find it and the number of false diagnoses will also increase.

If you or someone you know is diagnosed with melanoma, I would definitely suggest getting a second or possibly even a third opinion.

Obviously, excessive exposure that results in sunburn isn’t a benefit at all. However, moderate amounts of sunlight, along with a varied diet containing nature’s natural protective anti- oxidants, vitamins, and fatty acids (omega-3s) is actually beneficial and has been shown to help prevent many forms of cancer-including skin cancer.

Lifetime sun exposure was actually shown to result in a lower risk of developing melanoma. (I Invest Dermatol 03;120(6):1087-1093) Past studies have shown that individuals who utilize sun exposure reasonably have a lower incidence of colon and breast cancer, prostate cancer, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, hip and vertebra fractures, et cetera.

Over 20 years ago it was discovered that vitamin D has an “anti-proliferative” effect on cells. In other words, vitamin D can stop cells from multiplying out of control (i.e., from developing into cancer). The body has only two sources for vitamin D. The first is from oily foods (vitamin D is fat-soluble) such as oily fish, organ meats, and eggs. The second is from your own skin cells, which use the same “cancer-causing” UV rays from the sun to convert a form of cholesterol into vitamin D.

Not surprisingly, those who consume more fish and omega- 3 foods have a reduced incidence of melanoma, while those consuming more of the omega-6 oils (the vegetable oils that are now so pervasive throughout our food supply) have increased rates of melanoma and other skin cancers.

A couple of other chemicals that your skin makes when it has adequate exposure to the UV rays of the sun. The function of these two vitamin D-related compounds, lumisterol and tachysterol, isn’t yet fully understood. It’s possible that they’re associated with helping prevent blood sugar problems and obesity.

Avoiding sunlight puts you at a far greater health risk than exposing yourself moderately. Dr. William Grant, one of the top researchers on this subject, has studied the relationship between sunlight and health for years. He’s found that every year 47,000 individuals in this country die from 16 different types of cancer due to insufficient vitamin D, whereas 8,000 die of melanoma and another 2,000 die from other skin cancers.

Furthermore, pale skin, numerous moles, smoking, a diet high in fat and low in fruits and veg- etables, and frequent sunburns are all stronger predictors of later skin cancer than UV exposure. As with most things, moderation is the watchword. Enjoy your time in the sun every day and prepare your body with an adequate intake of the right fatty acids.

The cancer of a lung, as well as in general cancer of any localization, does not arise on healthy ground. It is preceded with the long pathological processes caused that or other etiological factor. Last, influencing systemic and topical of a mucous membrane, causes chronic inflammatory process which under influence of a proceeding long irritation can lead to cancer transformation. For an explanation of accruing frequency of a cancer of a lung many theories were offered.

From the conditions favorable development of a cancer of a lung, it is impossible to exclude an exhaustion and the overstrain of the central nervous system breaking its adjusting influence. On this background cancerogenic substances render more powerful influence on a mucous membrane of respiratory ways and chronic proliferative processes turn in cancer more quickly.

As a etiological factor in development of a cancer of the lung, influencing increase in its frequency, especially among men, smoking is important. Experimental, clinical and statistical works of last years have convincingly proved a role of a tobacco smoke in development of a cancer of a lung. Alongside with local cancerogenic influence of tobacco tar on a mucous membrane of respiratory ways the general influence of this poison on an organism which reduces its resistibility in relation to various harmful agents here matters. The long and persistent irritation of a mucous membrane tobacco tar often leads to cancer transformation of cells of a mucous membrane of bronchial tubes.

For last years attention of researchers all involves a question on influence of smoking of tobacco on development of a cancer of a lung more. A plenty of experimental, clinical and statistical works is devoted to this question.

A lot of clinical and statistical works also confirm value of smoking of tobacco as important etiological factor in development of a cancer of a lung, thus the great value has smoking cigarettes. It proves that at smoking cigars smoking inhales a tobacco smoke less, and lets out it from a mouth while at smoking a cigarette smoking inhale all smoke more and thus influence a tobacco smoke all respiratory device and first of all mucous membranes of a bronchial tree. This position is supported with statistical data who show, that the cancer of a lung meets at smoking cigarettes, than at smoking cigars while the cancer of an oral cavity meets at smoking cigars is more often is much more often.

Summing up to judgments concerning etiology of a cancer of a lung, it is necessary to tell, that is available three basic factors, leading its occurrence, that set and interaction of these three major etiological factors can, as it seems to us, to explain accruing frequency of a cancer of a lung. All from this three etiological factors solving, apparently, is a tobacco smoke.

Cigarette manufactures have been required to put warnings on all their packages of cigarettes to tell us that cigarette smoking is dangerous to our health so why do we still smoke. According to United States studies, cigarette smoking is responsible for one out of every five deaths in the U.S. Smoking robs more than five million years of lifespan because of premature death. Cigarettes are the most addictive and destructive over-the-counter drug known to man. Cigarette smoking is equivocal to lung cancer. With this said, one may wonder why do we still smoke?

Before World War I, tobacco was smoked in the form of cigars. They were primarily smoked by the wealthy. Cigarettes, which are basically leftovers of the cigar making process, were smoked by the less affluent. The number of people who smoked cigarettes boomed when tobacco companies started to mass-produce cigarettes. Their clientele: soldiers of World War I.

As early as 1892 cases of epilepsy, insanity and death were frequently reported as the result of smoking cigarettes, while such physicians as Dr. Lewis Sayre, Dr. Hammond, and Sir Morell Mackenzie of England, name heart trouble, blindness, cancer and other diseases cause by cigarettes smoking.

Leading physicians of America in 1892 unanimously condemn cigarette smoking as one of the vilest and most destructive evils that ever befell the youth of any country, declaring that its direct tendency is a deterioration of the race.

It took some time before modern day physicians would acknowledged the deadly by-product of smoking. Doctors only took notice of the increase in lung cancer incidents 20

to 30 years after WWI. With this increase, Reader’s Digest published an article “Cancer by the Carton,” which prompted the public to be aware of the effects of cigarette smoking. Similar articles have been published to condemn cigarette smoking. Medical advancements have proven the correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. But despite all of these, lung cancer has remained to be one of the most common diseases in the modern world so why do we still smoke.

Surgeon General Luther Terry issued a landmark concluding, for the first time, that smoking is a direct cause of lung cancer, heart disease, and emphysema in 1964 and then again on May 27, 2004 the U.S. Surgeon General Richard H. Carmona released a new comprehensive report on smoking and health, revealing for the first time that smoking causes diseases in nearly every organ of the body. Published 40 years after the surgeon general’s first report on smoking, which concluded that smoking was a definite cause of three serious diseases, this newest report finds that cigarette smoking is conclusively linked to diseases such as leukemia, cataracts, pneumonia and cancers of the cervix, kidney, pancreas and stomach so why do we still smoke?

Cigarettes’ most common ingredient is nicotine. Nicotine is more addictive than heroine, which is in fact, a prohibited drug in most parts of the world. Aside from heroine, doctors ranked nicotine ahead of alcohol and cocaine in terms of dependence. Indeed, research has shown that smoking four cigarettes a day can induce life-long addiction to nicotine.

The Cigarette manufactures are not helping according to this report from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, they are one of only 3 states that require tobacco companies to submit reports. What they found is, from 1998 to 2004 the amount of nicotine in a cigarette has increased steadily, the study showed that regardless of brand that the amount of nicotine that is actually delivered to the smokers lungs has increased significantly overall, nicotine yields increased ten percent. Marlboro, Newport, and Camel, the three most popular brands with young smokers, all delivered significantly more nicotine, and Kool menthol increased twenty percent. With all this new information why do we still smoke?

Maybe it’s because people who smoke tend to see smoking as a part of their personality, as something that they cannot live without. That is a clear sign of addiction. And the addiction to chemicals, which in the case of nicotine, is considered a sickness.

What adds to the addiction to smoke cigarettes is the psychological pleasure or satisfaction a smoker gains when puffing a cigarette. Smokers describe smoking as a “pat-on-the-back” after a hard day’s work. One smoker confesses that it is not the taste of the cigarette; it is actually the sense of satisfaction that you get from it that keeps you smoking. Studies have also shown that depression is twice as common to people who smoke against those who do not smoke. Some also use cigarettes as an ersatz activity to pass time and be patient. Just like in war movies, when a soldier is waiting for the signal to attack, he is seen holding a gun in one hand and a cigarette in the other.

Nicotine triggers the smoker’s brain to be more efficient in processing information. It also reduces anxiety and induces euphoria. Researches have also shown that nicotine induces alertness and arousal, and sedation and relaxation based on the dose of nicotine intake. These effects, though, do not outweigh the harmful effect of nicotine addiction, which is lung cancer, and possibly other ailments, which will all eventually lead to death, so why do we still smoke?

People who cannot stop smoking may see it the other way around. They may be blinded by the short-term effects of nicotine. Aside from nicotine, smokers rarely know that a cigarette contains acetylene (fuel used in welding), cyanide, nitrogen oxide, and carbon monoxide, all of which are harmful chemicals. These chemicals are also used as poison, so why do we still smoke?

Psychosocial factors also contribute to why people continue to smoke. People surrounded by people who smoke, like family and friends, can soon develop the habit of smoking. And as its addictive nature, the smoker will have a hard time quitting the habit. An environment permissive and indifferent towards cigarette smoking will produce significant numbers of smokers.

Recently, researchers have reported that genetic variables also play a role on why people keep on smoking. These genetic variables affect the tendency of a person to smoke to the chances of quitting.

Given the many facts and figures related to the hazards of smoking cigarettes, the percentage of smokers has not experienced any considerable decrease. In fact, it continues to increase. The World Health Organization has estimated that by year 2020, tobacco will kill more people than any single disease in the world.

Educating people about the dangers of smoking doesn’t seem to help. For some smokers, thinking that smoking is directly related to lung cancer and eventually death is a myth yet to be proven.

I don’t know the answer to why do we still smoke, I do know that smoking is not only a habit but in fact that smoking is also an addiction, and sooner or later, this will eventually cause death,so why do we still smoke?

With the cigarette manufactures increasing the nicotine in tobacco which is a highly addictive drug that affects nearly every organ in our body it makes it more difficult to quit smoking, maybe its time to answer the question why do we still smoke. We know that smoking is a very powerful addiction and with the increase of nicotine, it can take multiple attempts to quit smoking, it’s time for you to answer the question why do we still smoke and seek out the help you need to quit.